1. Background introduction
China's feed resources shortage is long-term, and China's waste slag processing by-product resources are rich. To improve the utilization and value of unconventional feed resources of slag, it is inseparable from biotechnology. At the same time, biotechnology and products have already achieved initial success in improving the breeding environment and improving the quality of meat and eggs.
Enzyme selection and formulation, strain and strain combination are one of the core of enzymatic and fermentation techniques. Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation technology, especially fermentation technology and products, have achieved a series of progress and achievements in the application of culture, but there are still many technical problems to be solved.
2. Preparation of enzymatically fermented feed
2.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis technology in the development of feather protein resources
Enzymatic digestion has many advantages. The feed material is enzymatically treated in vitro, which can destroy the plant cell wall, promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients, eliminate the anti-nutritional factors in the feed, reduce the anti-nutritional effect, benefit the intestinal health and regulate the body immunity, and improve the utilization efficiency of the feed. At present, enzymatic hydrolysis technology is mainly used to enzymatically disintegrate feather powder in the development of feed ingredients in China, as well as enzymatic proteins such as soybean, rice and corn.
Feather meal is a protein feed with high keratin homocysteine ​​content, but because the disulfide bond between its polypeptide chains is quite stable, it hinders the digestion and absorption of animals. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the mainstream method to improve the utilization of feather protein feed. Under normal circumstances, the enzymatic pyrogenic production process is: pre-treatment of raw materials, enzymatic hydrolysis with complex enzymes, filtration, evaporation and concentration, drying, and packaging of finished products.
The heat resistance of the enzyme, the high cost and the incomplete enzymatic hydrolysis are common problems in actual production. In addition to pretreatment technology, the combination of keratinase, lipase and helper enzymes and the setting and control of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions are one of the core technologies of enzymatic hydrolysis, which directly affect the enzymatic hydrolysis effect and the quality of the enzymatically decomposed end product. Therefore, the use of genetic engineering technology to obtain safe, heat-resistant, high-yield, high-activity and stable industrial enzymes, improve product quality and reduce manufacturing costs, can more effectively promote the enzymatic digestion of feed resources and deep processing industrialization.
2.2 Fermentation technology in the development of waste residue feed resources
Fermented feed is of great significance for improving animal feed utilization and conversion rate and reducing environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry farming. The use of non-grain feed instead of some conventional feeds can broaden feed resources, supply functional nutrients, reduce feed costs, and reduce environmental pollution. At present, fermentation technology has fermented soybean meal, fermented white distiller's grains and fermented pomace in the development of feed ingredients in China.
Many Chinese medicine companies in China consume nearly one million tons of plant medicinal materials every year, and the resulting water-containing traditional Chinese medicine slag reaches 10 million tons. Traditional Chinese medicine slag has important development value. However, when the dregs are directly used as feed additives, many of the active ingredients remaining in the cells are not well absorbed and utilized by non-herbivores due to the presence of plant cell walls, which also restricts the promotion and application of the Chinese herbal medicine residue feed additives.
Screening fermenting strains and combinations, optimizing fermentation process parameters, using special fermentation equipment to ferment Chinese herbal medicine residue, reducing crude fiber content of drug residue, releasing active substances retained in traditional Chinese medicine residue, increasing small peptide and free amino acid content, and obtaining feed additive The product has the dual effects of probiotics and traditional Chinese medicine. For example, the amount of crude protein and peptide substances in the Chinese medicine residue after fermentation increased, and it has a better alternative antibiotic effect on the test piglets.
The annual import of corn DDGS in China is up to 4 million tons, and the domestic production capacity is about 6 million tons. Together with the drying of white distiller's grains, China's annual consumption of distiller's grains reaches 10 million tons. Since the raw materials of domestic DDGS are generally aged and low-quality corn, DDGS is suspected of enriching mycotoxins. Therefore, the use of biotechnology to eliminate or reduce mycotoxins in distiller's by-products and increase the added value of these by-products has gained the attention of the ethanol and liquor brewing industries. Fermentation not only improves the feed utilization of distiller's grains, but also degrades the toxicity of mycotoxins, and the fermentation facilities are also large.
In Chenzhou, Anhui Province, there is a yeast culture production enterprise with a capacity of up to 1,500 tons and a capacity of 200,000 tons/year in China. The medium used in the culture medium is mainly based on the distiller's grains by-products, and the selected toxins with strong degradation ability and suitable for growth on the distiller's grains are selected according to the optimum growth conditions of the selected strains and the best degradation of the toxins. Growth conditions, optimization of conditions for the fermentation process. It can be seen that in the process of fermentation of unconventional feed ingredients, factors such as strains, raw materials, processes, equipment, testing methods and management levels are factors that affect the quality of the fermented products. The screening of strains is inseparable from the microbial identification system. The exploration of process conditions is inseparable from the microbial growth curve analysis instrument. Large-scale production is inseparable from the highly automated fermentation facilities and systems.
3. Conclusion
Use biotechnology such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to broaden the field of feed resources, strengthen the development of non-grain feed resources, realize the scale production and sales of unconventional feed resources, and improve the production performance of animals through the application of these biological feeds in aquaculture. Reducing the degree of pollution of farming to the environment can promote the sustainable development of healthy farming in China.
(Excerpted from: The 7th China Feed Safety and Biotechnology Symposium and the 4th Symposium on Feed Enzyme Preparation Academics and Technology)
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