Pesticides are high-tech, highly targeted agricultural production materials. Scientific use of pesticides can effectively control crop pests and diseases and ensure a bumper harvest. However, improper use can also cause side effects such as pesticide residues in agricultural products, environmental pollution, damage to ecological balance, crop phytotoxicity or poisoning accidents to users . At the moment when Sanxia is busy, it is the peak season of various pests and diseases and the peak season of drug use. Some problems that should be paid attention to during the use of pesticides are systematically introduced.
Symptomatic drug selection is the key 260 pesticides produced in China , which are divided into insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, nematicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators and rodenticides. Chemically synthesized pesticides (variety) must be processed into certain dosage forms to form different specifications of preparations or mixed preparations to be commercially available commercial pesticides. By 2000, the proportion of our country and pesticide formulations of 1: 8. 2 , plus the same preparation and different manufacturers, the packaging specifications and the names of the products used are not the same. In addition, in order to supplement the domestic market and improve the variety structure, the state has approved the import of some new pesticide varieties. Therefore, there are many varieties in the pesticide market, which are dazzling and difficult for users to choose.
Pesticides are agricultural poisons that have selectivity for different organisms. For example, pesticides can be divided into contact agents, stomach poisons, systemic agents and fumigants according to their mode of action . Acaricides can be divided into killing agents. instars, only to kill, mites and eggs and nymphs only kill or only ovicidal; a bactericide agent into the protection, and protection of the therapeutic agent within the absorption treatment mixture; herbicide into foliar treatment Agent and soil treatment agent. The same insecticide, is not versatile for all kinds of pests, each agent has its own range of control, such as anti-Riwei is used to control aphids, but the activity of cotton aphid is very poor; tetrazine (Abo Luo) Controlling the fruit tree red spider, only the activity of the egg is high, and it is not effective for Cheng and Ruo. The efficacy of a drug is also staged. When a new drug is just put into use, it tends to work better. With the heavy use, the resistance of pests and other harmful organisms will gradually increase, and the control effect will decrease. In the treatment stage of controlling a certain pest, the first drug and the later drug have different pharmacodynamic effects. For example, for the cotton bollworm, in the hatchery period of the first generation of the cotton field, before the larva 3 years old, the drugs generally used for controlling the cotton bollworm are Good control, but when the larva reaches 4 to 5 years old, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory results with any medicine.
Pesticide is a technical product of informed consumption and needs to be used in strict accordance with the instructions on the instructions or on the bottle label. In other words, when people first before use should the performance characteristics of selected pesticides have a comprehensive understanding. Blind use not only fails to achieve the purpose of effectively controlling pests and diseases, but also brings side effects such as phytotoxicity to plants, pollution to products and the environment. By SHEET understand what issues can it? ( 1 ) The common name of pesticides: There are two ways to express pesticides in the market: generic names and commodity names. The name of the product is like the " milk name " of a person . It cannot be used alone. Especially if someone accidentally takes it, the doctor is not easy to treat the disease. The generic name of the pharmacy must be attached, and the common name cannot be used only in English. People can use the common name to preliminarily determine the type of the pharmacy or whether it is a mixture and whether it is a new variety. (2) parts of active ingredient content: percentage by numerals, the same name of the drug, different contents, amounts are different. ( 3 ) Control object, dosage and use method: The object of prevention and treatment of the drug should be marked according to the scope registered in the pesticide test of the Ministry of Agriculture, and the dosage and method of use should be specific. For example, the cotton used to control cotton bollworm on cotton can not be used to control cotton bollworm on vegetables and other crops; the method of use cannot be changed at will, and the use of pre-emergence herbicides in corn fields is often difficult due to insufficient water consumption. The film is formed on the surface to reduce the efficacy; the control of fruit trees is often caused by insufficient water consumption, which reduces the efficacy. ( 4 ) Safety interval: the number of days from the last application to the harvest . If it is used on vegetables, it must wait until the specified number of days, and the pesticides in the product can be decomposed. (5) Note: The main characteristics of this agent, to remind people in the storage, transport and use should pay attention to the problem. At the same time, attention should also be paid to the proper handling of pesticide packaging.
Myth # 1 choice of pesticides have identified only the reputation of the size of the trade name, generic name and do not understand the performance characteristics. As China's pesticide still in imitation stage, most agents are of a patent on the product, combined with the development of foreign pesticides has become increasingly difficult, the number of new species appear less and less. After a later stage pesticide use, because the degree of resistance continue to increase, decrease drug efficacy, people appear eager new pesticides, especially one-sided pursuit of fame exotic species. To this end, some companies have made a fuss about the name of pesticide products in the light of market competition, taking some names or names that are not related to pesticides . These ambiguous names of pesticides have brought people to choose pesticides and rational use. More difficult.
　　 2 , blindly mixed. Many people find that the single use of a certain agent is not ideal, and it is indiscriminate to mix several kinds of agents, and even mix several kinds of mixtures. As a result, not only does it not achieve the purpose of improving the efficacy, but instead Less effective or serious phytotoxicity to crops, or delay in prevention.
　　 3 , one-sided pursuit of quick-impact. In the prevention and control of pests and diseases, field surveys should also be used as a guide to determine whether or not prevention is needed depending on the occurrence of the field. Generally, pests are more sensitive to pesticides in the younger larval stage, and it is difficult to control the larva after 3 years of age. The disease of plants is also good at the beginning of the control. It is often difficult to grasp this optimal control opportunity in production, and use pesticides to provide first aid when pests and diseases reach serious harm. It is a passive drug. After the pesticide is used, there is a process to exert its efficacy. Generally, the pyrethroid insecticides exert their effects quickly, and the specific insecticides exert a slower effect. Most users require high potency of the drug and it is difficult to accept the slow effect. Therefore, pyrethroids and pyrethroid-containing mixtures are welcomed. Because the main agricultural pests such as cotton bollworm, beet armyworm and aphid are very resistant to pyrethroids, the resistance of these three pests to pyrethroid pesticides is very serious in most areas of China . More difficult.
　　 4 , improper application methods. The prevention and control of agricultural pests and diseases emphasizes proper symptomatic application and methods. Appropriate methods should be selected for the site of the pest. Such as beet armyworm larvae in front of a sunny day in the evening to 8:00 in the next day harm the leaf surface, it will be concealed when the light intensity, and pseudo-dead sex. Spray the liquid on the insect body at the time of the hazard to obtain good control effect. Prevention and control of aphids, greenhouse whitefly, whitefly and plant diseases should be sprayed on the back of the leaves, and only spraying on the surface can not control them. Spraying phoxim and other photolytic agents should also be carried out in the evening.
　　 5 , sprayers generally do not meet the requirements. From local surveys and farmers' reflections, at present, the agricultural sprayers sold in China have a low pass rate, poor quality, and poor quality parts. Farmers have certain problems with the use and storage of sprayers. Therefore, the waste of pesticides caused by the leakage of the sprayer and the poor atomization during use is very alarming. Some farmers complain that it is difficult to buy a qualified sprayer. Some people also said that they would be afraid to fight drugs, because they could be washed by liquid medicine and the possibility of poisoning was great. To this end, the relevant departments are also called upon to seriously grasp the quality of pesticide equipment.
Precautions for rational use 1. Identify the performance characteristics of pesticide varieties. Pesticides are agricultural poisons that have selectivity for different organisms. For example, pesticides can be divided into contact agents, stomach poisons, systemic agents and fumigants according to their mode of action. Acaricides can be divided into killing agents. In the state of insects, only killing, sputum, and only killing eggs and sputum or only killing eggs; fungicides are divided into protective agents, systemic therapeutic agents and protective therapeutic agents; herbicides are divided into stems and leaves Agent and soil treatment agent. The same insecticide, is not versatile for all kinds of pests, each agent has its own range of control, such as anti-Riwei is used to control aphids, but the activity of cotton aphid is very poor; tetrazine (Abo Luo) Controlling the fruit tree red spider, only the activity of the egg is high, and it is not effective for Cheng and Ruo. The efficacy of a drug is also staged. When a new drug is just put into use, it tends to work better. With the heavy use, the resistance of pests and other harmful organisms will gradually increase, and the control effect will decrease. In the treatment stage of controlling a certain pest, the first drug and the later drug have different pharmacodynamic effects. For example, for the cotton bollworm, in the hatchery period of the first generation of the cotton field, before the larva 3 years old, the drugs generally used for controlling the cotton bollworm are Good control, but when the larva reaches 4 to 5 years old, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory results with any medicine.
　　 2. Read the instructions on the instructions and the bottle label carefully. Pesticide is a technical product of informed consumption and needs to be used in strict accordance with the instructions on the instructions or on the bottle label. In other words, people should first use the full performance of the performance characteristics of the selected pesticides. Blind use not only fails to achieve the purpose of effectively controlling pests and diseases, but also brings side effects such as phytotoxicity to plants, pollution to products and the environment.
　　 3. The contents of the bottle label and the instructions should be clearly defined. Active ingredient content: marked by percentage, the same drug name, different content, different dosage.
Control object, dosage and method of use: The target of the drug should be marked according to the scope registered in the pesticide testing department of the Ministry of Agriculture. The dosage and method of use should be specific. For example, the cotton used to control cotton bollworm on cotton can not be used to control cotton bollworm on vegetables and other crops; the method of use cannot be changed at will, and the use of pre-emergence herbicides in corn fields is often difficult due to insufficient water consumption. The film is formed on the surface to reduce the efficacy; the control of fruit trees is often caused by insufficient water consumption, which reduces the efficacy.
Safety interval: the number of days from the last application to the harvest. If it is used on vegetables, it must wait until the specified number of days, and the pesticides in the product can be decomposed.
Note: Mainly for the characteristics of the agent, to remind people of the problems that should be paid attention to during storage, transportation and use. At the same time, attention should also be paid to the proper handling of pesticide packaging.
　　 4. Scientific use of pesticide additives. Pesticide preparations already contain certain surfactants, but due to different control objects, different stages of use, different processing quality, and different water quality, in order to improve the wet performance of the spray liquid and improve the efficacy, it is often necessary to add certain Application of additives.
　　 5 , scientific evaluation of prevention and treatment effects. The efficacy of insecticides and acaricides can be divided into two types according to the time of performance, such as quick-acting and sustained-effect. Especially insect growth regulators, the efficacy of drugs is slow; the efficacy of fungicides can be divided according to the principle of prevention and treatment. Both systemic treatment and protection, the protective agent is for the purpose of prevention, the therapeutic agent can be targeted after the onset of the disease; the efficacy of the herbicide is divided into pre-emergence treatment and stem and leaf treatment according to the time of administration. To this end, in evaluating the efficacy of the drug, different evaluation indicators should be selected according to their respective characteristics.
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