I. Understanding disasters
1 What is a disaster
Meteorological disasters refer to direct or indirect losses caused by atmospheric movement and evolution to human life, property, national economy, and national defense construction. Such as heavy rain, heavy snow, hail, wind, lightning, high temperature, drought and so on.
In all types of natural disasters, meteorological disasters account for more than 70% . The annual number of people affected by major meteorological disasters in China is about 400 million people, and the economic losses caused by these accounts for about 1% to 3% of the total domestic production value .
2. What are the common meteorological disasters?
In general, the Spring Festival is dominated by cold springs and strong winds. In summer, heavy rain, hail, thunderstorms, high temperatures, droughts, etc. are common; in autumn, frost and low-temperature chilling are common; in winter, cold waves and snowstorms are common. There are also cross-seasonal conditions, and droughts can occur throughout the year.
Second, disaster countermeasures
3. What should be done in the face of meteorological disasters?
The working people of our country have accumulated a lot of experience in the long-term struggle against meteorological disasters and can be summarized as the “ nine-character principle †.
One is learning. To learn all kinds of meteorological disasters and knowledge of risk aversion.
The second is preparation. Prepare individuals and family materials well. It is recommended that the family prepare ten items for disaster prevention: clean water, food, commonly used drugs, umbrellas, flashlights, warm supplies and necessities, radios, mobile phones, ropes, and appropriate cash. If there are infants, infant formulas such as powdered milk, baby bottles, and diapers must also be prepared. There are elderly people and crutches and special needs medicines for the elderly.
The third is listening. Through regular channels, such as television, radio, newspapers, “12121†telephones, and mobile phone messages, it is timely to listen to (view) the information on disasters issued by meteorological departments at all levels.
The fourth is inspection. Pay close attention to observing changes in the surrounding environment. Once you find an abnormal phenomenon, report it to the relevant departments as soon as possible, and ask professional departments to make judgments and provide countermeasures. Also, we must choose safe places for disaster prevention before the disaster.
The fifth is broken. In disaster relief operations, we must first cut off sources of electricity, gas, and water that may cause secondary disasters.
Six is ​​resistance. Once disasters occur, they must have a good attitude and calmly face it. Village cadres must lead everyone in their efforts to avoid danger and disasters.
Seven is saving. Make use of some of the knowledge you have learned to organize self-rescue and mutual rescue, such as self-rescue and mutual rescue for escape in floods and fires; use prepared drugs to timely rescue injured and sick persons; pay special attention to hygiene and epidemic prevention work.
Eight is security. In addition to personal protection, actively participate in disaster prevention insurance, such as personal accident insurance, crop insurance, etc. to reduce economic losses.
Nine is a play. The village Party committees and village committees, in accordance with the characteristics of meteorological disasters in the region, cooperated with relevant departments to formulate emergency plans for meteorological disasters. Before the frequent seasons of meteorological disasters came, check the implementation of measures and organize disaster prevention drills.
Third, early warning and alarm
4. What meteorological disaster warning signals are stipulated by the meteorological department?
According to "People's Republic of China Meteorological Law" June 12, 2007 the China Meteorological Administration issued Decree No. 16 "sudden meteorological disaster warning signal is issued and dissemination approach" provisions of dissemination of early warning signals of meteorological disasters into typhoon, heavy rain, snow, cold , gale, dust storm, high temperature, drought, lightning, hail, frost, fog, haze, roads, fourteen major types of ice.
5. Identification and use of meteorological disaster warning signals
Early warning signals are generally classified into four levels according to the degree of harm, urgency, and development that may be caused by meteorological disasters. Blue, yellow, orange, and red are used to indicate that general, heavier, severe, and particularly serious meteorological disasters will occur. , and identified in Chinese and English
Level IV (blue) is expected to occur with general ( IV ) or more meteorological disasters. Events may be approaching and the situation may increase. When such warning signals appear, disaster prevention preparations are started. For examples see right.
Level III (yellow) is expected to occur with heavier ( Class III ) or more meteorological disaster events. The incident is approaching and the situation is expanding. When such early warning signals emerged, they actively implemented disaster prevention measures. For examples see right.
Level II (orange) is expected to occur with serious ( level II ) or more meteorological disasters, events are imminent, and events are gradually expanding. When such early warning signals occur, the emergency preparedness plan is prepared to start. For examples see right.
Level I (red) is expected to occur with particularly severe meteorological disasters ( Class I ) and events will occur at any time and the situation is spreading. When such early warning signals appear, they are ready to start an emergency rescue plan. For examples see right.
6. How to Obtain Weather Disaster Warning Signals
( 1 ) Early warning signals were obtained through television, radio, newspapers, the Internet, and mobile phone short messages, and were actively dialed 12121 , 96121 or consulted with the local meteorological observatory.
( 2 ) Pre-warning signal warning devices such as warning signs, warning flags, warning lights, etc. should be set up in rural villages where conditions permit, for people to watch.
( 3 ) In the season of frequent meteorological disasters, peasant friends with Internet access conditions, especially rural cadres, should visit weather websites at any time, such as China Weather Network and local rural economic information network. Once informed of the meteorological disaster warning signal, the villagers were immediately informed by means of broadcast horns.
When you get warning information, you need to pay attention. If you see warning signals above yellow, you must be more vigilant and be prepared for all types of safe haven. In particular, when you hear orange and red warning signals, it is recommended that you Be good at home, if it is a dangerous house you should leave quickly, move to a safe place to avoid it temporarily, or wait for rescue, outdoor farming activities especially water.
7. How to make an alarm call
When a meteorological disaster threatens life safety or meets other emergencies, call 110 , 119 or 120 for help.
Note: For these calls, you can only dial in the event of an emergency. Remember that you should not dial at random.
8, how to signal for help in the wild
In the wild, use the telephone or the following methods to report the disaster situation to the relevant authorities and request assistance.
( 1 ) Optical signal: During the day, use a mirror to help the direction of the rescue by using the sun, such as the rescue aircraft to the air to reflect the intermittent light signal; at night, the flashlight will continuously send a distress signal to the direction of help.
( 2 ) Sounds for help: Take a loud cry, blow a whistle, or bang a washbasin.
( 3 ) Build the words "SOS" : On the hillside, use stones, branches or clothes to build "SOS" or other words for help. The bigger the letters, the better ( SOS is the international call for help).
( 4 ) Putting out fireworks: During the day, you can burn moist plants and form thick smoke; at night, you can burn dry wood and emit flames.
( 5 ) Color for help: Wear colorful clothes and wear a bright hat; or shake colorful items such as flags, sticks wrapped in colorful cloth, etc., and send out a distress signal around.
Fourth, common meteorological disaster emergency avoidance essentials
rainstorm
9. What is rainstorm?
China’s meteorological department has stipulated that 24 hours of rain with a rainfall of 50 mm or more is called a rainstorm. When the storm hits, it is often dark clouds, lightning, thunderstorms.
10 , what to do before the storm comes
( 1 ) Check if the house is firm. If it is a dangerous house, the villagers who are in low-lying land shall withdraw in time.
( 2 ) It is better to turn off the power switch if it is safe to check the safety of circuits and furnaces.
( 3 ) Pick up valuables from home or put them upstairs.
( 4 ) Suspend agricultural activities in the field, and outdoor personnel should immediately avoid shelters in safe, high-lying areas or caves.
( 5 ) Early closing (cover) open air drying items.
( 6 ) Clear the drainage pipes in time to keep the drainage clear.
( 7 ) Pay special attention to the heavy rain at night and lift the broken old houses to hurt people.
( 8 ) In the rainy days, the car will be turned off in the low-lying position. Do not wait in the car and get off to a high place waiting for the rescue.
11. How to do sudden torrents
( 1 ) It is important to stay calm and transfer to the mountains or higher places as soon as possible.
( 2 ) The villagers in the flood-prone areas should not leave their belongings, they must obey the command and quickly evacuate the danger zone.
( 3 ) When a flash flood occurs, do not run in the direction of the flood, but avoid it quickly on both sides.
( 4 ) Do not wading through the river when a flash flood occurs.
( 5 ) Being trapped in the mountains by mountain torrents, they should promptly contact local authorities or send a distress signal to seek rescue.
12. How to judge the occurrence of debris flow
( 1 ) Look at: The normal flow of water in the river (ditch) bed suddenly stops or the flood suddenly increases. There are more firewood and trees in the bed, and it can be confirmed that a mudslide has formed in the upper reaches of the river (ditch).
( 2 ) Listening: In the deep valley or in the ditch, the class of the train or the thunderous thunder is heard. Even though it is extremely weak, it can be considered that a mudslide is forming. In addition, the depths of the valley have become dark and accompanied by roars or slight vibrations, indicating that mudslides have occurred in the upper valley.
13. How do the mountainous areas break through mudslides?
( 1 ) When working in the valley, if you encounter heavy rain or heavy rain, you should quickly shift to high places and do not evade or stay under low-lying valleys or steep slopes.
( 2 ) When a mudslide strikes, do not run upstream or downstream in the direction of the ditch, and climb on both sides of the slope.
( 3 ) Do not cross in the mudslide.
( 4 ) Persons who have withdrawn from the danger zone before the occurrence of the mudslide should not wait for a period of time after the rainstorm stops and do not rush to return to the dungeon to collect the items.
( 5 ) Get in touch with relevant departments as soon as possible to report their position and danger and actively seek rescue.
( 6 ) In mountainous areas where rural residents engage in rural tourism, as far as possible during the mudslide-prone season (such as summer), try not to arrange visitors to play in the mudslide-prone areas. If arrangements are made, it is necessary to explore the terrain in advance, arrange retreat routes and inform tourists. When camping outdoors in the open air, choose a flat highland as the site of your camp. Do not camp under a hillside with rolling stones and massive accumulations or in the valley bottom.
14 ã€How to deal with mountainous landslides and landslides in mountainous areas?
( 1 ) Pay attention to listening to the local weather forecast and do not enter the mountain valleys after heavy rain and rainy days.
( 2 ) During the rainy season, do not shelter from rain and walking in areas where steep slopes and dangerous rocks stand out. Do not climb dangerous rocks.
( 3 ) In the inter-mountain ride, do not panic when encountering landslides, and quickly leave the sloped section.
( 4 ) When traffic jams due to collapse and landslides, traffic control should be followed and promptly accepted.
Snow disaster
15 , what is the snow disaster
Snow disaster, also known as white disaster, is a natural phenomenon caused by a large amount of snowfall caused by a long period of snowfall. It is a livestock and meteorological disaster that often occurs in China's pastoral areas.
16 , how to deal with snow disaster
( 1 ) Keep warm and keep warm, old, weak, sick and young people not going out.
( 2 ) Do not wear hard bottom or smooth sole shoes when walking out. The cyclist can properly vent the tire.
( 3 ) Close the doors and windows and secure the outdoor structures.
( 4 ) If it is a dangerous house, it should be withdrawn quickly in the event of a storm.
( 5 ) Coal fired households must put gas poisoning.
17. How to Prevent Poultry Frostbite in Winter
In winter, poultry kept for long periods in cold and humid environments often cause frostbite in the distal parts of the tail, limbs, ears, breasts, and scrotum if they are kept warm, especially old, thin, and weak poultry. The following measures should be taken: ( 1 ) Feed the livestock with concentrated bodyguards. ( 2 ) Remove stools and urine in the bar circle in time, change frequently, diligently dry grass, and keep the house clean, clean and warm. ( 3 ) Prevent cold wind from entering the barn.
Cold damage
18 , what is the cold damage
Damage to crops or livestock at relatively low temperatures above 0 °C is called cryogenic damage.
19 , how old and weak patients prevent cold damage
( 1 ) When the temperature suddenly drops, it is necessary to pay attention to warm clothing, especially the warmth of the hands and face (mouth and nose).
( 2 ) Old and weak patients, especially those with cardiovascular and asthmatic conditions, who are sensitive to temperature changes, should try not to go outside.
( 3 ) Pay attention to rest and do not over-fatigue.
( 4 ) Beware of gas poisoning, especially people who use coal stoves for heating must be more watchful.
high temperature
20 , high temperature refers to how much
High temperatures refer to weather phenomena with daily maximum temperatures above 35 °C , reaching or exceeding 37 °C .
21 , how to deal with high temperature heat wave
In case of high temperature weather warning, we must take measures against heat.
( 1 ) Try not to work under the hot sun. It is advisable to arrange farm work in the morning and evening.
( 2 ) When working in the fields, straw hats and light-colored clothes should be worn, and Tanabe should have drinking water and heatstroke medicine. Do not expose yourself to prolonged exposure to the sun. If you feel dizzy and uncomfortable, stop working immediately and rest in the shade.
( 3 ) It is not advisable to sleep under the tree or in the open air. If you go to bed early and get up early, you should increase the nap at noon.
( 4 ) When you are sweating, you should not immediately take a bath with cold water. Dry your sweat first, then take a bath with warm water after a short break.
( 5 ) We must take care of mosquitoes and insect bites to prevent the device from hitting cuts, boiling water, and oil scalding to prevent infections caused by high temperatures and increased bacterial growth.
( 6 ) Do not eat flies bite food, drink less raw water, pay attention to food hygiene.
22. How to protect the special population from summer
For special populations, in addition to the usual high temperature heat wave preventive measures in case of high temperatures, special attention should also be paid to the following matters.
( 1 ) In case of discomfort, seek medical attention.
( 2 ) It is best not to go out. If you must go out, be accompanied by your family.
( 3 ) Don't over-cool the house and ventilate inside the house.
For infants and young children
( 1 ) It is advisable to avoid over-warm clothing and clothing that is loose, breathable and short.
( 2 ) Do not eat too much cold drinks. Food should be fresh and thoroughly cooked. If indigestion occurs, seek medical attention.
( 3 ) Indoor ventilation, it is best not to sleep mat.
( 4 ) Take a bath every day to avoid having a baby.
( 5 ) Beware of burns or bruises.
For pregnant women
( 1 ) The room should be ventilated and ventilated, remember to cover a large lid, it is best not to sleep mat.
( 2 ) Bathe frequently, change clothes regularly, and wear clothing that is wide and airy.
( 3 ) Do not greedily eat cold food.
drought
23 , what is the drought
Drought refers to a type of agrometeorological disaster in which crops are withered or dying due to long periods of dry weather and little rain, depletion of available water in the soil, cracking of land, and crop failure. In China, due to the uneven distribution of precipitation, drought occurs in some places in each season.
24. What are the ways to fight drought?
There are two ways to fight drought, one is to increase moisture and the other is to hold moisture. In general, drought can be achieved through new construction of water conservancy, scientific irrigation, water conservation, afforestation, artificial rainfall, and promotion of drought-tolerant varieties.
Common methods
( 1 ) Improve the soil and cultivate at a proper time.
( 2 ) Less tillage and no tillage.
( 3 ) Saving irrigation, such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation.
( 4 ) Ground cover, such as covering with film, straw, green manure, etc.
( 5 ) The use of chemical agents, such as water retention agents, anti-transpiration agents.
Lightning
25 , Thunderbolt is " Ray Gong mother " angry?
Thunderstorms occur in thunderstorm clouds (cumulative cloud) clouds, clouds and clouds, clouds and ground, clouds and air breakdown discharge phenomenon, do not believe that " Thunderbolt Lei mother " this superstitious talk to seek God to worship , should take prompt defense measures.
26. How to prevent lightning in the outdoors
( 1 ) The labor should be stopped immediately and quickly hid into the cave.
( 2 ) Keep away from pointed, isolated objects such as trees, telephone poles, and smoke windows. It is not advisable to enter low-rise buildings such as isolated huts and guard posts. Absolutely away from power lines.
( 3 ) If you do not find a suitable place for lightning protection, you should find a low-lying place to get down, bring your feet together, put your hand on your lap, and bend forward. Pay special attention to everyone not concentrating or holding hands together.
( 4 ) It is not advisable to use metal tools such as steamed bread on shoulders in open spaces.
( 5 ) Stop water operations immediately and leave the water as soon as possible.
( 6 ) It is not advisable to drive a motorbike or ride a bike on the way. Do not rush when thundering.
( 7 ) In the unlikely event of an accidental lightning strike, companions should promptly call for help and be rescued.
27 , how to prevent lightning indoors
( 1 ) Be sure to manage the doors and windows as far away as possible from the doors and windows, balconies and outside walls.
( 2