Earthquake Knowledge 70 Questions

Part I Earthquake knowledge

1. What is the internal structure of the earth?
Answer: The outermost layer of the earth is called the crust; the part below the crust is called the mantle; the center part of the earth is called the core. The average radius of the earth is about 6370 kilometers, and the thickness of the crust is about 35 kilometers. Most destructive earthquakes occur in the crust.

2. What is the surface of the earth made of?
Answer: The surface of the earth is not a complete rock, but is composed of plates of different sizes inlaid with each other. The largest of them is seven. They are Antarctic plate, Eurasian plate, North American plate, South American plate, Pacific plate India, Australia and Africa. These plates drift on the mantle at a speed of a few centimeters to a dozen centimeters each year, squeezing and colliding with each other.

3. What is an earthquake?
Answer: Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon of surface vibration caused by the movement of the earth. Plates and plates on the earth squeeze and collide with each other, causing plate edges and plates to move and break, which is the main cause of ground vibrations (ie earthquakes).

4. How much energy is released by the earthquake?
Answer: The energy released by an earthquake determines the magnitude of the earthquake. The greater the energy released, the greater the magnitude. The earthquake differs by one level and the energy difference is about 30 times. The energy released by the 7.2 earthquake in Kobe, Osaka, Japan in 1995 was equivalent to the energy of 1,000 atomic bombs dropped by the United States on Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Japan during World War II.

5. How many types of earthquakes?
Answer: There are tectonic earthquakes, volcanic earthquakes, collapse earthquakes, induced earthquakes, and artificial earthquakes.

6. What is a tectonic earthquake?
Answer: Earthquakes caused by the displacement and rupture of rock layers deep underground are called tectonic earthquakes. These types of earthquakes occur most frequently and have the most destructive power, accounting for more than 90% of earthquakes worldwide.

7. What is a volcanic earthquake?
A: Earthquakes caused by volcanism, such as magmatic activity and gas explosions, are called volcanic earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes can occur only in volcanic areas, and these types of earthquakes only account for about 7% of the world ’s earthquakes.

8. What is a collapse earthquake?
Answer: Earthquakes caused by the collapse of underground caves or mine roofs are called collapse earthquakes. The magnitude of such earthquakes is relatively small, and the number of times is very small. Even if there are, they often occur in limestone areas covered with karst caves or large-scale underground mining areas.

9. What is induced earthquake?
Answer: Earthquakes caused by activities such as reservoir water storage and oil field water injection are called induced earthquakes. Such earthquakes only occur in certain reservoir areas or oil fields.

10. What is an artificial earthquake?
Answer: Artificially induced ground vibrations such as underground nuclear explosions and explosive blasting are called artificial earthquakes.

11. What are the secondary disasters caused by the earthquake? How is it caused?
Answer: The fire was caused by the collapse of the house, gas leakage and open flame;
Floods are caused by dam breaks or landslide congestion channels, etc .;
Poisonous gas leakage, caused by destruction of buildings or installations, etc .;
The plague was caused by the severe destruction of the living environment after the earthquake.

12. What is the magnitude?
Answer: Magnitude is the magnitude of energy released by an earthquake. Earthquakes with magnitudes less than 3 are weak; earthquakes with magnitudes greater than or equal to 3, earthquakes with magnitude less than or equal to 5 are susceptible earthquakes; earthquakes with magnitude greater than 5 and less than 6 are moderately strong; Strong earthquakes, where earthquakes with magnitudes greater than or equal to 8 are huge earthquakes.

13. What is intensity? What is the difference between magnitude and intensity?
Answer: Intensity is the degree to which the ground is affected and destroyed by earthquakes. They are two "rules" to measure earthquakes. An earthquake has only one magnitude, but more than one intensity. The intensity near the epicenter is high and the damage is large; otherwise, the intensity is low and the damage is small;

14. What is the epicenter?
Answer: The place where the earthquake occurred in the earth's crust.

15. What is the epicenter?
Answer: It corresponds to the ground vertically from the source.

16. What is the epicentral distance?
Answer: The distance from any point on the ground to the epicenter.

17. What is an earthquake wave? What are the types?
Answer: When an earthquake occurs in a rock in the earth's crust, a part of energy propagates outwards in the form of waves, called earthquake waves. Mainly divided into longitudinal wave, transverse wave and surface wave.

18. What is the main reason for the damage caused by the earthquake?
Answer: The seismic waves emitted from the earthquake are mainly divided into longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal waves cause the ground to bump up and down, and transverse waves shake the ground horizontally, which is the main cause of damage.

19. What kind of earthquake wave can warn people to prepare as soon as possible?
Answer: The longitudinal wave reaches the surface first, people feel bumpy, and then feel the shaking. The arrival of the longitudinal wave warns people to be prepared as soon as possible.

20. What is earthquake prediction?
Answer: It refers to using scientific ideas and methods to predict the time, place and intensity (magnitude) of future earthquakes (mainly referring to strong earthquakes). It is divided into "long, medium, short and imminent" staged progressive earthquake prediction scientific ideas and working procedures.

21. What is the level of earthquake prediction in China?
Answer: Earthquake forecasting is a very complex worldwide scientific problem. It is only more than thirty years since mankind began to formally explore earthquake forecasting. Now, we have some understanding of the principles and rules of earthquake occurrence, but we have not fully understood; we have been able to make a certain degree of prediction for certain types of earthquakes, but we cannot yet make accurate predictions for all earthquakes ; The mid- and long-term forecasts we have made have a certain degree of credibility, but the success rate of short-term forecasts is still relatively low.

22. How are earthquake predictions issued?
Answer: China implements the unified release system of the State Council for earthquake prediction. Earthquake predictions are generally issued by provincial-level people's governments. When the situation is urgent, the city and county people's governments can issue imminent earthquake warnings within 48 hours and report to the superior at the same time. No unit or individual has the right to release earthquake prediction information. Any earthquake prediction information that has not been approved by the government is an earthquake rumor and cannot be taken lightly.

23. What are the characteristics of earthquake rumors?
Answer: The characteristics of earthquake rumors: the "predicted" earthquake magnitude is very accurate, the time and place of the earthquake are very specific; it has a feudal superstition color or a bizarre and bizarre legend.

24. What is a major earthquake warning?
Answer: Macroscopic phenomena such as anomalies in well water, animal habits, terrestrial sounds, terrestrial light, and earthquake tremors that appear shortly before the earthquake can be called an earthquake warning. These phenomena are called early warning phenomena. During this short early warning period, the use of reasonable shock-absorbing methods will greatly increase the success rate of safe escape.

Part Two Common Knowledge of Self-help and Mutual Rescue

25. What preparations should be made before the earthquake?
Answer: Learn the basic first-aid knowledge of earthquakes, formulate family emergency plans, carry out family one-minute emergency evacuation, evacuation, and evacuation drills; prepare earthquake-proof emergency kits. Have emergency supplies (such as medicines, food, beverages, flashlights, masks, etc.).

26. How to place furniture items?
Answer: Furniture items should be placed under heavy and light up. Do not stack bulky items above tall furniture. Place the bed near the inner wall (bearing wall), away from the roof beams and hanging lamps.

27. How to avoid the injuries caused by objects during the earthquake?
Answer: Fix tall furniture, and remove or fasten hanging objects such as lamps and wall clocks to prevent falling or falling and hurting people.

28. How to prepare for evacuation?
Answer: Clean up the debris, make the doorway and courtyard passage unobstructed, and make it easy for people to escape during the earthquake. Familiar with the surrounding environment, understand the evacuation sites, and evacuate along the designated route in time during the earthquake.

29. What is the principle of shock absorption during an earthquake?
Answer: You should lie down in a safe corner under the bed, under the table and in the small-span house, and evacuate quickly after the earthquake.

30. How to prevent secondary disasters during an earthquake?
Answer: Cut off the power and air supply to prevent fire.

31. How to protect the head during an earthquake?
Answer: You can use the pillows and cushions prepared in advance to protect your head when an earthquake occurs.

32. How to absorb shock in a bungalow?
Answer: Try to protect your head and rush out of the house to an open area. If you are too late, you will wait under the hard furniture and wait for the opportunity to move.

33. How to avoid shock in the building?
Answer: Follow the principle of evasion nearby. Protect your head and avoid the nearest bed, board a "safe corner" under the table, or small open spaces such as kitchens, toilets, and storage rooms. Do not jump off the building and wait for an orderly evacuation after a strong earthquake.

34. How to evacuate tall buildings?
Answer: When evacuating from a tall building, you should take a safe passage and never take the elevator.

35. How to avoid shock in the classroom?
Answer: Do n’t run outside the classroom, you should quickly cover your head with your schoolbag, hug your head, close your eyes, and hide under your desks. After the earthquake, you will move outside the classroom under the direction of your teacher.

36. How to avoid shock in the playground?
Answer: When you are outside the playground, you can squat in place and protect your head with both hands. Pay attention to avoid tall buildings or dangerous objects.

37. How to avoid shocks in gyms and theaters?
Answer: Squat down or lie down under a row chair; protect your head with a school bag, etc .; avoid hanging lights such as chandeliers, electric fans, etc .; do not panic towards the exit, avoid crowding of people, and avoid being crowded into a wall or fence Office.

38. How to avoid shock on the street?
Answer: Choose to squat or squat down in the open, do not run around, do not return indoors, avoid places with many people; avoid tall buildings, such as buildings, tall chimneys, water towers, avoid overpasses, and cross streets Bridges and other complex structures.

39. What are the outdoor hazards and hazards?
Answer: Dangerous objects or high-hanging objects, such as transformers, telephone poles, street lights, billboards, cranes, etc .; dangerous places, such as narrow streets, dangerous old houses, dangerous walls, high door faces, etc.

40. How to avoid shock in open areas?
Answer: To avoid the flow of people, lie down or squat down.

41. How to avoid shock in the wild?
Answer: To avoid landslides, landslides, and mudslides: When encountering landslides, landslides, you should run along the direction perpendicular to the rock rolling, and you must not run down the mountain along the direction of the rock; you can also hide under strong obstacles, or squat. Ditches and ridges; especially protect the head.

42. How to avoid shocks by the sea?
Answer: You should move to a high place far away from the coastline as soon as possible to avoid the tsunami that may be caused by the earthquake.

43. How to avoid shock in shopping malls, bookstores, exhibition halls, subways, etc.?
Answer: Choose sturdy counters, commodities (such as low furniture, etc.) or the side of the column, and squat down at the corners of the interior walls, etc., and protect the head with hands or other things; avoid glass doors and windows, glass showcases or counters; avoid tall Unstable or placed shelves for heavy objects and fragile products; avoid tall hanging objects such as billboards and chandeliers.

44. How to absorb shock in an electric car?
Answer: The driver should stop in time. Grasp the handrail to avoid falling or bruising; lower the center of gravity and hide near the seat; then get off after the earthquake.

45. How to escape in case of fire?
A: When the earthquake causes a fire, cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel and crawl away from the fire against the wind.

46. ​​What should I do when encountering gas or gas leakage?
Answer: Cover your mouth and nose with a damp cloth and escape from the wind. Be careful not to use an open flame.

47. How to evacuate after the earthquake stops?
Answer: Once the shock stops, you must quickly evacuate to a safe place, be alert to the aftershocks to attack again, prevent greater losses, and follow the evacuation of emergency rescue personnel.

48. What is most important when buried?
A: Build confidence in survival and calm down.

49. How to improve the environment when buried?
A: First, remove the debris around the beginning to keep your breathing smooth. When you smell gas or poison gas, cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel.

50. How to expand and protect the living space when buried?
Answer: Use bricks, wood, etc. to support the ruins to prevent the environment from further deterioration after the aftershock.

51. How to save physical strength when buried?
Answer: Do n’t cry, irritability and blind action, control your emotions as much as possible, or close your eyes and rest, waiting for the rescuers to arrive.

52. How to implement self-help?
Answer: If you are injured, you should use a simple method to wrap up the wound to avoid losing too much blood and causing coma. To save food and drink, the water and food of the shockproof bag must be used sparingly. Try to find food and drinking water. Your urine can also quench your thirst if necessary.

53. How to seek rescue?
Answer: When sending a distress signal, you can use the method of tapping the water pipe.

54. What is the principle of saving people after the earthquake?
Answer: Save the people nearby. Whether it is family members, neighbors, or strangers, so as not to miss the opportunity to save people and cause undue losses. Save the young and middle-aged first. They can quickly play a role in disaster relief. Save the easy ones first. It can accelerate the speed of saving people and expand the rescue team as soon as possible.

55. How to determine the location of survivors?
Answer: First of all, please ask your family or neighbors to provide information. Use shouting, knocking and other methods to ask if there are rescuers in the buried pressure. Listen carefully for the call for help, and determine the location of the buried person.

56. How to deal with the injured who are difficult to rescue at the moment?
Answer: Under the premise of maintaining ventilation (ventilation), make a sign and wait for the professional rescue team to come for treatment.

57. How to avoid the victim being hurt when saving?
Answer: When approaching the buried person, do not use a sharp tool to dig. Pay attention to distinguish the support from the general buried pressure, do not destroy the original support conditions, so as not to cause new injuries to personnel.

58. How to ensure the safety of survivors?
A: Communicate the enclosed space with the outside world as soon as possible so that fresh air can be injected. When the dust is too large, spray water to reduce the dust to avoid being suffocated by the rescuer and the rescuer. Provide drinking water, food or medicine to the buried people in time to enhance their vitality and ensure the safety of survivors.

59. How to rescue the survivors?
Answer: First expose the head of the buried person, remove the dust in the mouth and nose, and ensure that the survivors breathe smoothly. Do not pull hard during the rescue process to avoid damaging the rescued body again.

60. How to provide special care for survivors?
Answer: Blindfold it to avoid the stimulation of strong light. Do not suddenly receive a lot of fresh air, and do not eat too much at once. Avoid being overly emotional.

61. How long is the "prime time" to save lives?
Answer: Once a person's breathing stops, he will be comatose after 30 seconds and brain cells will die after 6 minutes. Therefore, when on-site first aid, waiting for the first few minutes of emergency personnel is the most critical.

62. What is the principle of salvation?
Answer: Save the life first, then save the wound. Cardiac resuscitation should be done first to save people, and then to treat the wound.

63. How many steps does cardiac resuscitation have?
Answer: Eight steps. Judging consciousness, calling for help, laying in a lateral position, opening the airway, checking breathing, mouth-to-mouth blowing, checking pulse, heart compression

64. What are the four major techniques of first aid at the trauma site?
Answer: Hemostasis, bandage, fix, move.

65. How to bandage the wound?
Answer: The materials used are: bandages, triangle towels, and materials can also be taken on site. Dressing requirements: light, fast, accurate, and firm. Cover first and then wrap (clean dressing). Do not tighten or knot the wound to expose the extremities.

66. How can a person transport the wounded?
Answer: The walking method, carrying method, crawling method or holding method can be used.

67. How do two people transport the wounded?
Answer: Car type or double car type can be used.

68. How do three people transport the wounded?
Answer: It can be transported by three people on the same side.

69. How to make a simple stretcher?
Answer: It can be made into a simple stretcher for transportation by the combination of tops, sheets, ropes, door panels and wooden sticks.

70. What issues should be paid attention to when handling?
Answer: The wounded should lie down rather than sit. The unconscious wounded should lie on the side or head side, observe the wounded person closely; protect the cervical spine, spine and pelvis.