According to the information published by the National Energy Administration, in the first three quarters, the cumulative installed capacity of photovoltaic power generation nationwide was 191.9 million kilowatts, an increase of 15% year-on-year, and an increase of 15.99 million kilowatts (the new increase in 2018 was 44.26 million kilowatts. More powerful). Among them, the installed capacity of centralized photovoltaic power generation was 13.149 million kilowatts, an increase of 11% year-on-year, an increase of 7.73 million kilowatts; the installed capacity of distributed photovoltaic power generation was 58.7 million kilowatts, an increase of 28% year-on-year, and an increase of 8.26 million kilowatts. It can be seen that last year's 531 policy had a greater impact on new projects, but the cumulative installed capacity still maintained rapid growth. For the insurance industry, the reduction in new installations has a greater impact on engineering insurance, but the increase in cumulative installations is beneficial to the development of insurance during the operating period. This article will combine the practical experience to analyze the related risks of the construction period and operation period of the centralized photovoltaic power station (hereinafter referred to as "photovoltaic power station") and propose corresponding solutions for everyone to understand and communicate.
1. Risk analysis of photovoltaic power station
Most of the facilities of photovoltaic power plants are open-air. In their full life cycle, the construction period and operation period are the most critical two stages. The full life cycle of photovoltaic power station refers to the preliminary survey, design, equipment production, transportation, and power station of the power station. Construction, operation and scrap.
As the two stages in which the insurer can participate, all relevant parties need to understand and grasp the risk status of the photovoltaic power plant during construction and operation, and effectively avoid and transfer property risks.
(1) Construction period
The construction period of the photovoltaic power station has the characteristics of short construction period, tight construction and wide operating surface. During the construction phase, it is prone to storms, rainstorms, floods, debris flows, lightning strikes, snow disasters, fires and other accidents, which are mainly divided into natural disasters and accidents. . In addition, the site selection is generally barren mountains and wastelands, abandoned fish ponds, desert tidal flats and other areas with complex terrain and remote unmanned areas. It is difficult to manage, and the risk of accidental injury of personnel also needs special attention. The following will briefly introduce and analyze the main risk factors.
storm
Strong wind / storm is one of the biggest risk factors during the construction period. During the installation of photovoltaic modules, the fixed connection between the module and the bracket has not yet reached the required design strength or there are potential construction defects. If the weather changes at this stage coincide with storms or typhoon disasters in coastal areas, large areas of photovoltaic power plant panels may be blown down and lifted up, and the components may be severely damaged due to direct collision or squeezing. At the same time, the brackets may be deformed and damaged. In addition, due to the regional and regular characteristics of strong wind disasters, generally with the increase of equipment input in the later stage of the project construction, it may cause large-scale property losses.
Therefore, the construction party should strictly control the progress and quality of the installation work of the solar panels during the construction period of the photovoltaic power plant to avoid damage caused by strong winds and storms due to installation errors. For the insurer, it is also necessary to carefully assess the regional wind disaster risk and the construction party's schedule, and set up appropriate underwriting conditions.
Heavy rain / flood
Heavy rain is a kind of disastrous weather. The heavy rainfall with a rainfall of 50 mm or more in 24 hours is called "storm". Long-term heavy rain is prone to water accumulation or runoff flooding low-lying areas, resulting in flood disasters and serious soil erosion, resulting in Significant economic losses such as project losses, dike breaks, and flooded crops. During the construction stage of the photovoltaic power station, heavy rain may cause damage to the infrastructure (roads, support foundations) under construction in the power station, and the flood disaster caused may cause subsidence erosion, storage equipment and facilities in the plant area to be damaged by flooding (battery panels, confluence) Box, inverter electrical equipment). During the construction phase, measures should be taken to prevent floods and floods in advance, and place high-value and vulnerable equipment and facilities at high places to avoid damage during heavy rain.
Lightning strike
Lightning strike is a more common natural disaster. It is divided into three forms: direct lightning, induction lightning, and spherical lightning. Direct lightning has the characteristics of high voltage, high temperature, and rapid discharge. It can directly cause serious damage to contact objects, buildings, and equipment. The strong pulse current of lightning can produce electromagnetic induction on the surrounding wires or metal objects and cause over-voltage to cause flashover. For example, buildings or equipment facilities without effective lightning protection measures can cause serious damage to electrical components and circuit boards. The lightning protection facilities of the photovoltaic power station during the construction period are not perfect. Thunderstorm weather is very easy to cause damage to electrical equipment and facilities. Lightning strike disasters are a relatively common risk factor during the construction period of the photovoltaic power station. Construction of safety facilities to avoid major property damage caused by lightning strikes.
Blizzard
Snow disaster is a natural phenomenon caused by a large amount of snow for a long period of time. It is a common natural disaster in the north. In recent years, due to the abnormal circulation of the atmosphere, blizzard disasters have also occurred in southern China. Solar photovoltaic modules have a large area and will continue to accumulate in heavy snowfall. If they are not cleared, the module and the bracket cannot support the weight of the snow when the weight is accumulated, which will cause the deformation and collapse of the module and the bracket. If the snow disaster is more serious , May cause damage to large-area components and brackets.
Fire
There are many flammable materials on the construction site of photovoltaic power plants, such as temporary buildings and facilities that are built with combustible materials such as wood sheds, low fire resistance, and packaging for solar panels (polystyrene foam plastic board, polyurethane foam, etc.) Paints, plastic products, and combustible and flammable articles for decoration and decoration. Once these items are used or stored, they may easily cause fire if they come into contact with open flames or high temperatures. In the installation stage of photovoltaic modules and brackets, open flames are generated in metal cutting, welding operations, and artificial smoking, which may cause the ignition of the above combustibles. At the same time, cutting and welding operations use industrial gas (acetylene gas and oxygen), these industrial gases are high pressure Bottled, easy to leak and cause fire and explosion. During the construction of photovoltaic power plants, strict safety management system and fire prevention system need to be formulated, and full-time safety and firefighters are required to carry out regular inspections on the construction site. At the same time, the construction site is equipped with effective fire extinguishing facilities, and the fire can be rescued in time , So as to avoid the occurrence of fire and reduce property damage when the fire occurs.
(2) Operation period
After the completed photovoltaic power plant is officially connected to the operation stage, similar to the construction period, the photovoltaic power plant will still be damaged by natural disasters such as storms, snowstorms, lightning strikes, rainstorms, and floods. At the same time, mechanical damage, electrical accidents, The possibility of accidents such as technical risks and man-made risks has increased. Therefore, for the risks during the operation period, we will introduce and analyze the following main risk factors.
Electrical failure
During the operation of photovoltaic power plants, electrical accidents are more common, such as short circuit, overvoltage, overcurrent, etc., which may cause damage to the junction box of the photovoltaic module, burnout of the junction box, damage to the inverter, etc. In addition to the direct equipment loss, the shutdown of main power generation equipment, such as centralized inverters, box transformers, power collection lines, main transformers, and other equipment failures, may also cause the risk of large-scale shutdown of the entire plant or photovoltaic partition.
theft
Due to the large area of ​​photovoltaic power stations, there are blind spots in daily inspections, especially in unattended or few people on duty power stations, which are prone to theft. The case that I dealt with happened during the operation period, such as the theft of photovoltaic modules, photovoltaic cables, etc., which caused property damage to the power station and associated loss of power generation.
2. Introduction of a package of risk solutions for photovoltaic power plants
How to effectively manage the risks faced by photovoltaic power plants and reduce the probability of losses and occurrences is an important task for owners, constructors and operators to face. There are many risk management methods, and in terms of risk transfer, the most common way is to buy insurance, and use visible costs to protect future unknown losses. As mentioned above, the risk factors faced by the photovoltaic power plant during the construction period and operation period are common and different, and different insurance products are required to protect the corresponding risks. In addition, there are some special risks that need to be protected in photovoltaic power plants, such as power generation loss risk and component quality risk. Therefore, in the following content, a brief introduction to the risk package will be introduced.
(1) Construction period
The insurance protection products applicable during the construction period, and the most widely used are mainly as follows:
Construction and installation engineering all risks and third party liability insurance. To protect the direct material losses caused by natural disasters or accidents during the construction of photovoltaic power plants, as well as the third party ’s property losses and personal injuries caused by accidents.
Employer Liability Insurance / Construction Worker Group Accident Insurance. Guarantee the death, disability and medical expenses caused by accidents caused by personnel injuries during the construction process.
Cargo transportation insurance. Guarantee the direct material loss caused by natural disasters or accidents during the transportation of project materials and equipment.
The above three are basically insurance protection products commonly used in the construction period of photovoltaic power plant projects, but as more and more companies go global, based on the requirements of foreign owners / financiers, we are also seeing more and more during the construction period. The more purchased the following insurance to protect financial losses.
Delayed completion insurance under all risks of construction and installation works. To protect the underwriting losses due to all risks of the project, resulting in the expected loss of profits and increased costs caused by the delayed completion of the project.
Delayed completion insurance under cargo transportation insurance. It guarantees the expected loss of profits and increased costs caused by the delayed completion of the project due to the underwriting losses under cargo transportation insurance.
Professional liability insurance. The contractor shall guarantee the losses caused by the professional negligence in the process of performing the project construction.
(2) Operation period
The risk protection of photovoltaic power plants during the operation period. The best practice solution on the market is comprehensive insurance during the operation period, including all property insurance, machine damage insurance, business interruption insurance, solar power plant power generation insurance, solar radiation index insurance, 25-year solar photovoltaic Component quality and power compensation guarantee insurance.
Property insurance / machine damage insurance. Underwrite the direct property loss caused by natural disasters, accidents or human operations during the operation period of the photovoltaic power plant.
Business interruption / loss of profit insurance. Due to the underwriting of the main risk, the material property used in the operation of the power station suffered losses, resulting in the interruption of operations, and the resulting loss of profits and operating expenses during the compensation period increased.
Guaranteed insurance of solar power generation capacity. In the event that the actual power generation amount due to reasons other than the exemption of the covered photovoltaic power station is lower than the estimated power generation amount stated in the insurance policy, the insurer shall be liable for compensation in accordance with this insurance contract.
Compensation calculation formula: compensation amount = (estimated power generation amount of the insured solar power station during the insurance period-actual power generation amount of the insured solar power station during the insurance period) × agreed on-grid electricity price
Solar radiation index insurance. For the guaranteed solar power station, due to insufficient solar radiation during the insurance period at the insured location, the on-grid electricity is reduced, and the insurer is liable for compensation in accordance with the insurance contract. The on-grid power loss is calculated as the difference between the solar radiation power generation index and the trigger point. The definition of solar radiation power generation index and trigger point is stated in the insurance policy.
Underwriting formula: solar radiation power generation index = expected power generation + (actual peak sunshine hours-expected peak sunshine hours
(Number) x installed capacity x system conversion efficiency x component efficiency attenuation coefficient
Claim calculation formula: compensation = (minimum compensation point-solar radiation power index) x 1000 yuan / MWh
Solar Radiation Power Index = Expected Power Generation MWh + (Actual Peak Sunshine Hours-Expected
(Peak sunshine hours) x installed capacity x system conversion efficiency x component efficiency attenuation coefficient
25-year solar photovoltaic module quality and power compensation guarantee insurance
The 25-year solar photovoltaic module quality and power compensation guarantee insurance is uniformly insured by the module manufacturer. The insurance company provides a 10-year quality guarantee and a 25-year power compensation guarantee.
The insured person shall bear the responsibility for repair, replacement or return of goods according to the "Limited Warranty" for the following reasons, or the insurer shall compensate for the difference between the promised power generation and the actual power generation:
1. Defects in raw materials
2. Manufacturing defects, poor craftsmanship
3. Raw material aging
And appraisal costs, transportation costs, and transportation costs related to repairs, replacements, or returns.
Conclusion
Based on the risk characteristics of photovoltaic power plants, the corresponding insurance products have been relatively perfect. As the owners, constructors, operators, funds, etc. of the power station, they should use appropriate insurance products according to their own risk protection needs. As an insurance party, different levels of protection schemes should be designed according to customer needs to meet the different needs of all parties.
Engineering Veneer is a thin sheet of wood, rotary cut, sliced or sawed from expensive natural wood. The Veneer is easy to be edge jointed and overlaid on Plywood , MDF, particleboard and so on. So, it can be used in fancy plywood, fancy MDF, fancy Blockboard and veneer faced Particle Board.We have Natural Engineering Veneer and Engineering Fancy Veneer
Luli Group Co., Ltd, also supply engineered wood veneers with good quality and competitive pricing.
Advantages of using veneers:
Compared to wood, one of the primary advantages of using veneer is stability. While solid wood can be prone to warping and splitting, because veneer is made of thin layers of wood glued together, the chances of splitting or cracking are reduced. Further, the glue used provides additional strength, making the end result stronger than natural wood.
Usages of Veneer:
Used to cover the surface of plywood, MDF, chipboard, blockboard and so on.
Specification details:
Sizes: 1220mm x 2440mm, 1250mm x 2500mm or as your request
Thickness: From 0.15mm to 0.6mm or as per request
Species: Okoume, Bintangor, Terminalia, Red hardwood, etc.
Grade available: A/A, A/B, B/B
Cutting way: Rotary cutting
Engineering Veneer
Engineering Veneer,Natural Engineering Veneer,Engineering Fancy Veneer,Engineered Wood Veneer
Luli Group Co.,Ltd. , https://www.plywoods.nl