"A crop of flowers, all rely on fat to become a home", this is a familiar farmer's proverb. However, according to the data collected by experts on the sample survey of farmers, 80% of the farmers in China are accustomed to fertilizing with traditional experience, blindly adopting simple fertilization methods such as “water-flooding†and “one-shot†without considering various fertilizer characteristics. One third of the country's farmers apply more fertilizer than the crops are needed; as farmers increase their investment in the land, the phenomenon of “over-fertilization and increasing production without increasing income†is also increasing.
We must attach great importance to the harm of excessive fertilization, and further improve the traditional fertilization mode in rural areas in China, in order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer utilization, save resources and energy, ensure national food security, protect the ecological environment, and build a new socialist countryside where people and nature live in harmony.
One of the hazards: weakening crop production capacity
Crops are just like people. Eating too much is not only bad for growth, but it is not good for health. According to Prof. Zhang Fusuo, the leader of the National Soil Testing and Formulation Expert Group and the Dean of the College of Resources and Environment of China Agricultural University, there are two main results of excessive fertilization on crops: one is easy to fall, and once it appears, it will inevitably lead to food. Reduced production; the other is prone to pests and diseases, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, will reduce the ability of crops to resist pests and diseases, susceptible to pests and infections, and then increase the amount of pesticides to eliminate pests and diseases, directly threatening the safety of food. China is a large agricultural country. The annual production and consumption of chemical fertilizers exceeds 45 million tons, while the national nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is only about 30%. In fact, there is no need to apply so much fertilizer in food production. The growth of crops is like the growth of children. When children are still babies, they don't need to eat too much. When they are long, they need to add more nutrients. Crops also need to supply different amounts of nutrients at different stages. For example, winter wheat in Beijing has a small amount of growth in the four or five months after sowing in October. The traditional method of fertilizing is to use the entire fertilizer during the whole growth period. In the first four or five months, the fertilizers that can be used by crops are less nutrients, so most of the losses will be wasted. At the peak of crop growth, fertilizers cannot meet the growth needs of crops and limit food production. Improvement.
Hazard 2: Aggravated by environmental pollution experts have done such a survey: the nitrogen in the atmosphere with natural phenomena such as rainfall, sandstorms, etc., can reach 80 kg per hectare, while 160 hectares of nitrogen is needed for 1 hectare of high-yield wheat. Prime. That is to say, the wheat planted in the land receives nearly half of the nutrients from the atmosphere. If people ignore the effect of this part of the nutrients and still fertilize according to the previous fertilizer amount, it will cause excessive fertilization. When the amount of fertilizer applied excessively exceeds the retention capacity of the soil, it will flow into the surrounding water, causing agricultural non-point source pollution, causing eutrophication of the water body, leading to the growth of algae, which in turn destroys the water environment. According to statistics, each year, more than 10 million tons of nitrogen is lost to farmland due to unreasonable fertilization, and the direct economic loss is about 30 billion yuan.
Excess fertilizer will penetrate into the shallow groundwater within 20 meters, which will increase the nitrate content of groundwater. It turns out that we think this is a good thing. In the 1970s, farmers in many areas preached that we had fertilizer and water. When the water was pumped up, we could grow crops directly, but by the mid-1980s, Europeans discovered long-term consumption of nitric acid. Salty water is harmful to human health. Although it is still controversial whether the nitrate is harmful to the human body so far, one thing is certain. From the reality of the increase of nitrate content in shallow groundwater in China, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is too much.
Hazard 3: wasting a lot of scarce resources
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the “three elements†of the nutrients needed for crops. Nitrogen in the atmosphere is a nitrogen form that most crops cannot use. It must be converted into ammonia-like reactive nitrogen by high-pressure and high-temperature, that is, by consuming a large amount of energy, and then converted into other forms that can be used by plants as fertilizer. In the past, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly produced from petroleum and now relies on natural gas and coal. These energy sources are all scarce resources in our country. This is also one of the main reasons for the high cost of fertilizer production.
If we can save the wasted fertilizer, it will alleviate China's energy shortage. In 2004, China's fertilizer production consumed about 100 million tons of standard coal, more than 5% of the country's energy consumption; in addition, fertilizer production of high-grade phosphate ore exceeded 100 million tons per year, and phosphate ore has been included in the country. The Ministry of Resources is short of resources after 2010; fertilizer production also consumes 72% of China's sulfur resources.
We can count such an account: if all the natural gas produced in the country is used to produce fertilizer, it can only meet 55% of the maximum demand; if it can save the fertilizer that is over-applied by 1/3 of the farmers in the developed area, the amount of fertilizer applied Insufficient areas will increase food production across the country without increasing the total amount of fertilizer applied. According to experts' calculations, if the amount of fertilizer used in over-exploited areas in developed areas is reduced by 30%, and at the same time, most farmers' friends can achieve reasonable fertilization, which does not affect crop growth, save energy, protect the environment, and reduce the burden on farmers. It can be seen that the comprehensive promotion of scientific fertilization technology has great social, economic and ecological benefits.
Vigorously promote the soil testing formula fertilization technology related survey data show that 80% of the farmers in China only rely on experience to fertilize, do not pay attention to scientific methods. To this end, the Ministry of Agriculture launched the “Measurement of Soil Testing and Fertilization†throughout the country to further popularize the concept and technology of scientific fertilization to farmers.
According to Zhang Fusuo, the main nutrients of chemical fertilizers are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Because phosphorus and potassium are not easily lost, and nitrogen activity is strong and easy to lose, therefore, the phosphorus and potassium nutrients can be balanced and monitored. Nitrogen should be regulated in real time, especially according to the law of crop growth and development and soil nutrient supply, and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to the critical period of crop demand. This is the basic idea of ​​soil testing and formula fertilization technology.
At present, farmers' fertilization generally has the phenomenon of “three heavy three lightâ€, namely heavy chemical fertilizer, light organic fertilizer, diazo phosphate fertilizer, light potassium fertilizer, heavy elemental fertilizer, light and medium trace elements. Soil testing and formula fertilization technology is to timely grasp the soil fertility status through soil testing. According to the fertilizer characteristics and agricultural production requirements of different crops, the application of organic fertilizer with fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and medium and trace elements and other fertilizers is applied in a balanced manner. A scientific fertilization method to improve the utilization of fertilizer nutrients and promote high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency agricultural production.
Author: Liu Hui Di Guangming Daily
We must attach great importance to the harm of excessive fertilization, and further improve the traditional fertilization mode in rural areas in China, in order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer utilization, save resources and energy, ensure national food security, protect the ecological environment, and build a new socialist countryside where people and nature live in harmony.
One of the hazards: weakening crop production capacity
Crops are just like people. Eating too much is not only bad for growth, but it is not good for health. According to Prof. Zhang Fusuo, the leader of the National Soil Testing and Formulation Expert Group and the Dean of the College of Resources and Environment of China Agricultural University, there are two main results of excessive fertilization on crops: one is easy to fall, and once it appears, it will inevitably lead to food. Reduced production; the other is prone to pests and diseases, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, will reduce the ability of crops to resist pests and diseases, susceptible to pests and infections, and then increase the amount of pesticides to eliminate pests and diseases, directly threatening the safety of food. China is a large agricultural country. The annual production and consumption of chemical fertilizers exceeds 45 million tons, while the national nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is only about 30%. In fact, there is no need to apply so much fertilizer in food production. The growth of crops is like the growth of children. When children are still babies, they don't need to eat too much. When they are long, they need to add more nutrients. Crops also need to supply different amounts of nutrients at different stages. For example, winter wheat in Beijing has a small amount of growth in the four or five months after sowing in October. The traditional method of fertilizing is to use the entire fertilizer during the whole growth period. In the first four or five months, the fertilizers that can be used by crops are less nutrients, so most of the losses will be wasted. At the peak of crop growth, fertilizers cannot meet the growth needs of crops and limit food production. Improvement.
Hazard 2: Aggravated by environmental pollution experts have done such a survey: the nitrogen in the atmosphere with natural phenomena such as rainfall, sandstorms, etc., can reach 80 kg per hectare, while 160 hectares of nitrogen is needed for 1 hectare of high-yield wheat. Prime. That is to say, the wheat planted in the land receives nearly half of the nutrients from the atmosphere. If people ignore the effect of this part of the nutrients and still fertilize according to the previous fertilizer amount, it will cause excessive fertilization. When the amount of fertilizer applied excessively exceeds the retention capacity of the soil, it will flow into the surrounding water, causing agricultural non-point source pollution, causing eutrophication of the water body, leading to the growth of algae, which in turn destroys the water environment. According to statistics, each year, more than 10 million tons of nitrogen is lost to farmland due to unreasonable fertilization, and the direct economic loss is about 30 billion yuan.
Excess fertilizer will penetrate into the shallow groundwater within 20 meters, which will increase the nitrate content of groundwater. It turns out that we think this is a good thing. In the 1970s, farmers in many areas preached that we had fertilizer and water. When the water was pumped up, we could grow crops directly, but by the mid-1980s, Europeans discovered long-term consumption of nitric acid. Salty water is harmful to human health. Although it is still controversial whether the nitrate is harmful to the human body so far, one thing is certain. From the reality of the increase of nitrate content in shallow groundwater in China, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is too much.
Hazard 3: wasting a lot of scarce resources
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the “three elements†of the nutrients needed for crops. Nitrogen in the atmosphere is a nitrogen form that most crops cannot use. It must be converted into ammonia-like reactive nitrogen by high-pressure and high-temperature, that is, by consuming a large amount of energy, and then converted into other forms that can be used by plants as fertilizer. In the past, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly produced from petroleum and now relies on natural gas and coal. These energy sources are all scarce resources in our country. This is also one of the main reasons for the high cost of fertilizer production.
If we can save the wasted fertilizer, it will alleviate China's energy shortage. In 2004, China's fertilizer production consumed about 100 million tons of standard coal, more than 5% of the country's energy consumption; in addition, fertilizer production of high-grade phosphate ore exceeded 100 million tons per year, and phosphate ore has been included in the country. The Ministry of Resources is short of resources after 2010; fertilizer production also consumes 72% of China's sulfur resources.
We can count such an account: if all the natural gas produced in the country is used to produce fertilizer, it can only meet 55% of the maximum demand; if it can save the fertilizer that is over-applied by 1/3 of the farmers in the developed area, the amount of fertilizer applied Insufficient areas will increase food production across the country without increasing the total amount of fertilizer applied. According to experts' calculations, if the amount of fertilizer used in over-exploited areas in developed areas is reduced by 30%, and at the same time, most farmers' friends can achieve reasonable fertilization, which does not affect crop growth, save energy, protect the environment, and reduce the burden on farmers. It can be seen that the comprehensive promotion of scientific fertilization technology has great social, economic and ecological benefits.
Vigorously promote the soil testing formula fertilization technology related survey data show that 80% of the farmers in China only rely on experience to fertilize, do not pay attention to scientific methods. To this end, the Ministry of Agriculture launched the “Measurement of Soil Testing and Fertilization†throughout the country to further popularize the concept and technology of scientific fertilization to farmers.
According to Zhang Fusuo, the main nutrients of chemical fertilizers are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Because phosphorus and potassium are not easily lost, and nitrogen activity is strong and easy to lose, therefore, the phosphorus and potassium nutrients can be balanced and monitored. Nitrogen should be regulated in real time, especially according to the law of crop growth and development and soil nutrient supply, and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to the critical period of crop demand. This is the basic idea of ​​soil testing and formula fertilization technology.
At present, farmers' fertilization generally has the phenomenon of “three heavy three lightâ€, namely heavy chemical fertilizer, light organic fertilizer, diazo phosphate fertilizer, light potassium fertilizer, heavy elemental fertilizer, light and medium trace elements. Soil testing and formula fertilization technology is to timely grasp the soil fertility status through soil testing. According to the fertilizer characteristics and agricultural production requirements of different crops, the application of organic fertilizer with fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and medium and trace elements and other fertilizers is applied in a balanced manner. A scientific fertilization method to improve the utilization of fertilizer nutrients and promote high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency agricultural production.
Author: Liu Hui Di Guangming Daily
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