When you talk about pork belly, you must think of pigs, but have you ever wondered if one day pork will disappear in pigs? The British "Daily Mail" reported on June 30th that Han Zhenxiu, a molecular biologist at the University of Seoul, South Korea, and colleagues used the targeted gene knockout technique "Talen" to remove the muscle growth suppressing genes in pigs and then transformed them. The genes were implanted in the embryonic cells of the pig and the sows gave birth to 32 piglets. The piglets' muscle cells grow unrestricted and become "muscular pigs" rather than plump as their companions. After 8 months, 13 piglets survived, but only 2 were present, of which only one was evaluated as "healthy." Jin Zhenxiu said that in the past, it took decades to cultivate a new breed of animal, but with the help of genetic technology, it can be completed in a relatively short period of time. However, researchers have yet to introduce "muscle pigs" into people's daily diet plans. At present, many countries stipulate that it is not allowed to sell this kind of meat because it is not clear about the impact of genetically modified meat on the environment and human health. (Jing Jing)
According to the website information of Yanbian University, Jilin Province, China, this achievement was made by the team of professor Yin Xijun and the team of Jin-Soo Kim of Seoul National University. School official website published relevant reports:
A few days ago, Nature/news reported on the research results of Professor Yan Xijun's team at Yanbian University. The report titled “Super-muscly pigs created by small genetic tweak†(Extra-lean-type pigs through genetically modified small areas, Nature 523, 13-14 02 July 2015 doi:10.1038/523013a). This innovative achievement was accomplished by the team of Professor Yin Xijun of our school and the team of Seoul National University Jin-Soo Kim. "Nature" magazine is one of the most influential academic journals in the world. His published papers represent substantial progress on an important scientific issue, with significant impacts in the near and long term. This is the first scientific research result reported by Nature News in our school.
Nature reported that the Belgian blue cow is the dominant species of Belgian beef cattle. After decades of cultivation, it has become a "bone-fit cow" with muscular muscles and a strong body shape. The team used a new generation of genome editing technology and somatic cell nuclear transfer technology, independent of the introduction of exogenous DNA sequences, mimicking natural mutations in the myostatin gene (MSTN) of large animals to obtain double-muscle trait boars. Expressing muscle overexpression characteristics, this double-muscle trait pig may be the first genetically modified animal approved for human consumption.
MSTN is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and development. Its loss of activity is manifested as the animal's "double muscle" trait. In the natural world, MSTN gene mutation has been found in cattle, sheep, dogs and humans. Among them, the mutant cattle have been bred into new beef cattle breeds and introduced by dozens of countries around the world as terminal fathers for crossbreeding. The beef meat is soft, has low fat and cholesterol, and has a high protein content. It is called "heart-friendly beef". It is favored by consumers in Europe and the United States. However, pigs with MSTN gene mutation have not been found in nature. In order to introduce mutations in MSTN, the team used TALEN gene editing technology to construct DNA fusions with endonucleases to break the DNA sequence of the target gene at specific sites, allowing DNA editing and modification operations at the site, such as knock- Out, knock-in, base substitutions, point mutations, or genetic modifications.
The research team designed and constructed a plasmid capable of efficiently knocking down the MSTN gene and transfected the pig fetal fibroblasts by electroporation. Magnetic beads sort positive cells as donor cells, followed by chemical-assisted enucleation and enucleation followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. After fetal transplantation, the fetuses were removed after the pregnancy and gene sequencing was performed. MSTN bilateral knockout fetal cells were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer again, and 32 double-muscle trait pigs (13 of them survived to 8 months) were obtained. The construction of gene knockout plasmids and gene sequencing in this study were undertaken by the Pro. Kim team. Professor Yan Xijun of Yanbian University was responsible for gene transfection, somatic cell cloning and the production and management of cloned animals.
Heiner Niemann, a senior researcher in the field of gene editing tools at the Friedrich Loeffle Institute in Germany, said that the pig exhibits a typical double-muscle animal trait, which is typical of animals with a well-developed dorsal gluteal muscle.
Professor Yin Xijun said that although the double-muscle pigs produced have the management problems commonly encountered in other double-muscle-trait animals, such as dystocia and low survival rate of piglets, they can be used to establish new concepts of lean-type breeds and increase thinness. Meat rate, meat quality and economic benefits are achieved for industrialization purposes.
A new generation of gene editing should be regarded as a new technology developed on the basis of traditional mutation breeding. It is more comparable to traditional mutation breeding techniques in terms of safety. Both are essentially equivalent to artificial mutation techniques. All just accelerate the process of natural mutations. This new breeding technology has higher accuracy and shorter cycle than the traditional mutation breeding. Because the new technology can be independent of the introduction of foreign DNA sequences, the genetically modified biomaterials obtained through this technology are virtually indistinguishable from natural individual polymorphic individuals of long-term evolution. At present, the U.S. government has approved the first genomically modified plant material obtained in 2012, and can be used as a conventional variety for field evaluation.
Dr. Kang Jindan is the main researcher of Yin Xijun's team responsible for the project and is one of the main performers of the research results.
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